Sheikh Hasina
Sheikh Hasina | |
---|---|
শেখ হাসিনা | |
10th Prime Minister of Bangladesh | |
In office 6 January 2009 – 5 August 2024[1] | |
President | |
Preceded by | Fakhruddin Ahmed (as Chief Adviser) |
Succeeded by | Muhammad Yunus (as Chief Adviser) |
In office 23 June 1996 – 15 July 2001 | |
President | |
Preceded by | Muhammad Habibur Rahman (as Chief Adviser) |
Succeeded by | Latifur Rahman (as Chief Adviser) |
8th Leader of the House | |
In office 6 January 2009 – 5 August 2024 | |
Preceded by | Khaleda Zia |
Succeeded by | TBA |
In office 23 June 1996 – 15 July 2001 | |
Preceded by | Khaleda Zia |
Succeeded by | Khaleda Zia |
8th President of Awami League | |
Assumed office 16 February 1981 | |
General Secretary | |
Preceded by | Abdul Malek Ukil |
Member of Parliament | |
In office 12 June 1996 – 6 August 2024[2] | |
Preceded by | Mujibur Rahman Howlader |
Succeeded by | TBA |
Constituency | Gopalganj-3 |
In office 27 February 1991 – 15 February 1996 | |
Preceded by | Kazi Firoz Rashid |
Succeeded by | Mujibur Rahman Howlader |
Constituency | Gopalganj-3 |
2nd Leader of the Opposition | |
In office 10 October 2001 – 29 October 2006 | |
Prime Minister | Khaleda Zia |
Preceded by | Khaleda Zia |
Succeeded by | Khaleda Zia |
In office 20 March 1991 – 30 March 1996 | |
Prime Minister | Khaleda Zia |
Preceded by | Abdur Rab |
Succeeded by | Khaleda Zia |
In office 7 May 1986 – 3 March 1988 | |
President | Hussain Muhammad Ershad |
Preceded by | Asaduzzaman Khan |
Succeeded by | Abdur Rab |
Personal details | |
Born | Hasina Sheikh[3] 28 September 1947 Tungipara, East Bengal, Dominion of Pakistan |
Political party | Awami League |
Other political affiliations | Grand Alliance (since 2008) |
Spouse | |
Children | |
Parents |
|
Relatives | Sheikh–Wazed family |
Education | |
Awards | Full list |
Signature | |
| ||
---|---|---|
First Premiership (1996–2001) Opposition Leader (2001–2009) Second Premiership (2009–2024)
Elections Ministries National Projects Others Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video |
||
Sheikh Hasina[a] (born 28 September 1947) is a Bangladeshi politician who served as the tenth prime minister of Bangladesh from June 1996 to July 2001 and again from January 2009 to August 2024.[b] She is the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh. She served in the position of prime minister for over 20 years, making her the longest-serving prime minister in history of Bangladesh.[7] Thus, she became the world's longest-serving female head of government.[8] Her authoritarian regime ended in self-imposed exile following an uprising in 2024.[c]
As the autocratic regime of Hussain Muhammad Ershad came to an end, Hasina, then leader of the Bangladesh Awami League, lost the 1991 election to Khaleda Zia, with whom she had collaborated against Ershad.[20][21] As leader of the opposition, Hasina accused Zia's Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) of electoral dishonesty and boycotted Parliament, which was followed by violent demonstrations and political turmoil.[22] Zia resigned in favour of a caretaker government, followed by Hasina becoming prime minister after the June 1996 election. While the country began to experience economic growth and a reduction in poverty, it remained in political turmoil during her first term, which ended in July 2001, with Hasina being succeeded by Zia following her victory. Hasina was the first Bangladeshi prime minister to serve a full five-year term since independence in 1971.
During the 2006–2008 political crisis, Hasina was detained on extortion charges. After her release from jail, she won the 2008 election. In 2014, she was re-elected for a third term in an election that was boycotted by the BNP and criticised by international observers. In 2017, after nearly a million Rohingya entered the country, fleeing genocide in Myanmar, Hasina received credit and praise for giving them refuge and assistance. She won a fourth and fifth term after the 2018 and 2024 elections, which was marred by violence and widely criticised as being fraudulent.[23]
Her second premiership (2009–2024) was marked by economic mismanagement and rampant corruption, leading to rising foreign debt, increasing inflation, youth unemployment and banking irregularities. An estimated US$150 billion or Tk 17.6 lakh crore was syphoned out of Bangladesh by illegal means during this period.[24] In 2022, anti-government protests broke out demanding the resignation of Hasina. In June 2024, fresh student protests erupted throughout the country, demanding the reform of quotas in government jobs. The protests were met with brutal crackdown by law-enforcement agencies and paramilitary forces, resulting in the massacre of students. By August, the protests intensified into a mass uprising against the government, which eventually culminated in Hasina resigning and fleeing to India.[25]
It is widely considered that Bangladesh experienced democratic backsliding under her premiership. Human Rights Watch documented widespread enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings under her government.[26] Numerous politicians and journalists were systematically and judicially punished for challenging her views.[27][28] In 2021, Reporters Without Borders gave a negative assessment of Hasina's media policy for curbing press freedom in Bangladesh since 2014.[29] Hasina has been criticised as being too close to India, often at the cost of Bangladesh's sovereignty.[30][31] She is seen as a manifestation of India's interference in Bangladeshi politics, which the critics described as the main source of Hasina's power.[32][33][34]
Hasina was among Time's 100 most influential people in the world in 2018,[35] and was listed as being one of the 100 most powerful women in the world by Forbes in 2015,[36] 2018, and 2022.[37][38][35]
Early life
Hasina was born on 28 September 1947 to the Bengali Muslim Sheikh family of Tungipara in East Bengal.[39][40] Her father was Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and her mother was Begum Fazilatunnesa Mujib.[41][42] Hasina grew up in Tungipara during her early childhood under the care of her mother and grandmother. When the family moved to Dhaka, they initially lived in the neighborhood of Segunbagicha.[43]
When Hasina's father became a government minister in 1954, the family lived on 3 Minto Road. In the 1950s, her father also worked in the Alpha Insurance Company, aside from his political activities.[43] In the 1960s, the family moved into a home built by her father on Road 32 in Dhanmondi. In many interviews and speeches, Hasina talked about growing up while her father was held as a political prisoner by the Pakistani government.[44] In one interview, she remarked that "For instance, after the United Front Ministry was elected in 1954, and we were living in No 3 Minto Road, one day, my mother told us that father had been arrested the night before. Then we used to visit him in jail and we always realised that he was put in jail so often because he loved the people."[45] Hasina and her siblings had very little time to spend with their father because of his preoccupation with politics.[45]
Education and marriage
Hasina attended primary school in her village of Tungipara. When her family moved to Dhaka, she attended the Azimpur Girls' School and Begum Badrunnesa Girls' College.[46] She enrolled for a bachelor's degree at Eden College. She was elected as the Vice President of the Students Union in Eden College between 1966 and 1967.[47] In 1967, she married M. A. Wazed Miah, who was a Bengali nuclear scientist with a doctorate in physics from Durham.[48] Hasina studied Bengali literature at Dhaka University, from where she graduated in 1973.[47][49][50][51] Hasina lived in Rokeya Hall, which was founded in 1938 as the women's dormitory of Dhaka University; and later named after feminist Begum Rokeya.[52][47] She was involved in the politics of the Students League and was elected as the general secretary of the women's unit in Rokeya Hall.[47]
Family murder, exile and return
Except for her husband, children and sister Sheikh Rehana, Hasina's entire family was murdered during the 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état which saw the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[53][54] Hasina, Wazed and Rehana were visiting Europe at the time of the assassination. They took refuge in the house of the Bangladeshi ambassador to West Germany; before taking up an offer of political asylum from Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India.[55][56][57] The surviving members of the family lived in exile in New Delhi, India for six years.[58][59] Hasina was barred from entering Bangladesh by the military government of Ziaur Rahman.[60] After she was elected President of the Bangladesh Awami League on 16 February 1981, Hasina returned home on 17 May 1981 and received a welcome from thousands of Awami League supporters.[44][61]
Early political career
Movement against military rule (1981–1991)
While living in exile in India, Hasina was elected President of the Awami League in 1981.[62] The party has been described as a "Centre-Left" party.[63][64][65]
Under martial law, Hasina was in and out of detention throughout the 1980s. In 1984, she was put under house arrest in February and again in November. In March 1985, she was put under house arrest for another three months.[66][67]
Hasina and the AL participated in the 1986 Bangladeshi general election held under President Hussain Muhammad Ershad. She served as the leader of the parliamentary opposition in 1986–1987.[41] She led an eight-party alliance as opposition against Ershad.[68] Hasina's decision to take part in the election had been criticised by her opponents, since the election was held under martial law, and the other main opposition group boycotted the poll. However, her supporters maintained that she used the platform effectively to challenge Ershad's rule. Ershad dissolved the parliament in December 1987 when Hasina and her Awami League resigned in an attempt to call for a fresh general election to be held under a neutral government.[69] During November and December in 1987, a mass uprising happened in Dhaka and several people were killed, including Noor Hossain, an Awami League activist and supporter of Hasina.[70]
Her party, along with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) under Khaleda Zia, continued to work to restore democratically elected government, which they achieved after a constitutional referendum returning the country to a parliamentary form of government.[71]
The subsequent parliamentary general election in 1991 was won by the BNP.[71]
Leader of the Opposition (1991–1996)
After several years of autocratic rule, widespread protests and strikes had paralysed the economy. Government officers refused to follow orders and resigned. Members of the Bangladesh Rifles laid down their weapons instead of firing on protestors and curfew was openly violated. Hasina worked with Khaleda Zia in organising opposition to Ershad.[20] A huge mass protest in December 1990 ousted Ershad from power when he resigned in favour of his vice president, Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed, the Chief Justice of the Bangladesh Supreme Court. The caretaker government, headed by Ahmed, administered a general election for the parliament. The BNP, led by Khaleda Zia, won a general majority, and Hasina's Awami League emerged as the largest opposition party.[21] Of the three constituencies Hasina contested, she lost in two and won in one. Accepting defeat, she offered her resignation as the party president but stayed on at the request of party leaders.[citation needed]
Politics in Bangladesh took a decisive turn in 1994, after a by-election in Magura-2,[72] held after the death of the member of parliament for that constituency, a member of Hasina's party. The Awami League had expected to win back the seat, but the BNP candidate won through rigging and manipulation, according to the neutral parties who witnessed the election.[22] Hasina led the Bangladesh Awami League in boycotting the parliament from 1994.[73]
First premiership (1996–2001)
The Awami League (AL), with other opposition parties, demanded that the next general elections be held under a neutral caretaker government, and that provision for caretaker governments to manage elections be incorporated in the constitution.[71] The ruling BNP refused to act on these demands.[74]
Opposition parties launched an unprecedented campaign, calling strikes for weeks on end. The Government accused them of destroying the economy while the opposition countered that the BNP could resolve the issue by acceding to their demands. In late 1995, the members of parliament of the AL and other parties resigned en masse. Parliament completed its five-year term and the February 1996 general election was held. The election was boycotted by all major parties except the ruling BNP, who won all the seats in the parliament as a result. Hasina described the election as a farce.[75][76]
The new parliament, composed almost entirely of BNP members, amended the constitution to create provisions for a caretaker government (CTG). The June 1996 general election was held under a neutral caretaker government headed by retired Chief Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman. The AL won 146 seats, a plurality, but fell short of a simple majority. Khaleda Zia, leader of the BNP who won 104 seats, denounced the results and alleged vote rigging. This was in contrast with the neutral observers who said that the election was free and fair.[77]
Hasina served her first term as Prime Minister of Bangladesh from June 1996 to July 2001. She signed the 30-year water-sharing treaty with India governing the Ganges. Her administration repealed the Indemnity Act, which granted immunity from prosecution to the killers of Sheikh Mujib. Her government opened-up the telecommunications industry to the private sector, which until then was limited to government-owned companies. In December 1997, Hasina's administration signed the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, ending the insurgency in the Chittagong Division for which Hasina won the UNESCO Peace Prize. Her government established the Ashrayan-1 Project while bilateral relations with neighbouring states improved. Hasina's government completed the Bangabandhu Bridge mega project in 1998. In 1999, the government started the New Industrial Policy (NIP) which aimed to strengthen the private sector and encourage growth.[78]
The Hasina government implemented some reforms to different sectors of the economy, which resulted in the country attaining an average of 5.5% GDP growth. The consumer price index remained at 5%, lower than other developing states who experienced 10% inflation. The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1997–2002) of the government placed an emphasis on poverty alleviation programmes which provided credit and training to unemployed youths and women. Food-grain production increased from 19 million tons to 26.5 million tons while the poverty rate reduced. A Housing Fund was established to provide fiscal assistance to those homeless as a result of river erosion. The government launched the Ekti Bari Ekti Khamar scheme which accentuated the incomes of the poorer segments of society through household farming.[78]
The Hasina government adopted the New Industrial Policy in 1999 which aimed to bolster the private sector and attract foreign direct investment, thus expediating the globalisation process. The NIP aimed for 25% of the economy to be industry based with 20% of the country's workforce employed in industry. It encouraged the institution of small, cottage and labour-intensive industries with an onus on skill development for women for employment, development of indigenous technology and industries based on local raw materials. The NIP allowed for foreign investors to own 100% equity in Bangladeshi enterprises without prior approval from the government and all but four sectors of the economy were opened up to the private sector.[78]
Attempts were made to create a social security system to protect the most vulnerable in society. The Hasina administration introduced an allowance scheme which resulted in 400,000 elderly people receiving monthly allowances. This scheme was later extended to widows, distressed and deserted women. A national foundation devoted to rehabilitation and training of people, with disabilities was founded with an initial grant of ৳100 million funded by the government. The Ashrayan-1 Project provided shelter and employment to the homeless.[78]
Hasina was the first prime minister to engage in a "Prime Minister's Question-Answer Time" in the Jatiya Sangsad. The Jatiya Sangsad repealed the Indemnity Act, allowing for the killers of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be prosecuted. The government introduced a four-tier system of local government including the Gram Parishad, Zila Parishad and Upazila Parishad by passing legisation.[78]
The Hasina government liberalised the telecommunications industry, initially granting four licenses to private companies to provide cellular mobile telephone services. This resulted in the previous state monopoly being disbanded meaning prices began to reduce and access became more widespread. The government established the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission to regulate the newly liberalised telecommunications industry.[78]
The government established the National Policy for Women's Advancement which sought to ensure equality between men and women. The policy aimed to guarantee security and employment, create an educated and skilled workforce, eliminate discrimination and repression against women, establish human rights and end poverty and ensure participation in socio-economic development. The government introduced three reserved seats for women in all Union Parishad election in December 1997. Hasina's cabinet approved the National Plan of Action for Children in 1999 to ensure rights and improved upbringing.[78]
Hasina attended the World Micro Credit summit in Washington DC; the World Food Summit in Rome; the Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference in India; the OIC summit in Pakistan; the 9th SAARC summit in the Maldives; the first D-8 summit in Turkey; the 5th World Conference for the Aged in Germany; the Commonwealth summit in the UK and the OIC summit in Iran. Hasina also visited the United States, Saudi Arabia, Japan, the Philippines and Indonesia.[78]
Bangladesh joined two multilateral bodies, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) and D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (D-8). She became the first Bangladeshi prime minister since independence to complete an entire five-year term.[41]
In the 2001 general election, despite winning 40% of the popular vote (slightly less than BNP's 41%), the AL won just 62 seats in parliament as a result of the first past-the-post electoral system, while the 'Four Party Alliance' led by BNP won 234 seats, giving them a two-thirds majority in parliament. Hasina herself ran in three constituencies,[79] and was defeated in a constituency in Rangpur, which included her husband's hometown, but won in two other seats. Hasina and the AL rejected the results, claiming that the election was rigged with the assistance of the president and the caretaker government. The international community was largely satisfied with the elections, and the 'Four Party Alliance' went on to form a government.[80]
Leader of the Opposition (2001–2008)
The Awami League MPs were irregular in attending parliament during the following period.[81] In late 2003, the Awami League started its first major anti-government movement, culminating in the declaration by party general secretary Abdul Jolil that the government would fall before 30 April 2004.
Assassination attempt (2004)
During her second term as leader of the opposition, political unrest and violence increased. MP Ahsanullah Master died after he was shot in May 2004. This was followed by a grenade attack on 21 August on an Awami League gathering in Dhaka, resulting in the death of 24 party supporters, including Ivy Rahman, party women's secretary. In October 2018, a special court gave verdicts in two cases filed over the incident; the court ruled that it was a well-orchestrated plan, executed through abuse of state power, and all the accused, including BNP Senior vice-chairman Tarique Rahman (in absentia) and former top intelligence officials, were found guilty. The court prescribed various punishments.[82] SAMS Kibria, Hasina's close advisor and former finance minister was assassinated that year (2004) in a grenade attack in Sylhet.[83][84]
In June 2005, A. B. M. Mohiuddin Chowdhury, the incumbent AL Mayor, won an important election in Chittagong, the second-largest city in Bangladesh. This election was seen as a showdown between the opposition and the ruling party.[85]
Logi Boitha Movement
In October 2006, Sheikh Hasina and Awami League launched the Logi Boitha Movement where thousands of Awami League workers started occupying different streets of Dhaka with boathooks and Oars for several days. This resulted in a number of casualties, vandalisms, lootings as well as soaring prices of daily commodities.
In May 2007, the police filed chargesheet against 19 leaders and activists of the Awami League and its affiliates for vandalising, setting fire to and looting the office of the Islamic Social Welfare Council but all of them were acquitted in court in June 2011.[86]
Detention during military intervention (2006–2008)
The months preceding the planned 22 January 2007 elections were filled with political unrest and controversy.[87] Following the end of Khaleda Zia's government in October 2006, there were protests and strikes, during which 40 people were killed in the following month, over uncertainty about who would head the Caretaker Government. The caretaker government had difficulty bringing all parties to the table. The AL and its allies protested and alleged that the caretaker government favoured the BNP.[88]
The interim period was marred with violence and strikes.[89][90] Presidential Advisor Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury negotiated with Hasina and Khaleda Zia and brought all the parties to the planned 22 January 2007 parliamentary elections. Later the nomination of Ershad was cancelled by the returning officer of the Election Commission as Ershad had been convicted on a corruption case.[91][92] As a result, the Grand Alliance withdrew its candidates en masse on the last day possible. They demanded that a voters' roll be published.[citation needed]
Later in the month, President Iajuddin Ahmed was compelled to declare a state of emergency. Consequently, Lt General Moeen Uddin Ahmed took control of the government.[93] Political activity was prohibited. Fakhruddin Ahmed became the chief advisor with the support of the Bangladesh Army.[94][95][96]
Hasina went to the United States embassy on 14 March 2007 along with Kazi Zafarullah and Tareq Ahmed Siddique.[97] She would fly the next day to the United States accompanied by Tareq Ahmed Siddique and Abdus Sobhan Golap.[97] She visited her son and daughter who live in the United States.[98] She then moved to the United Kingdom.[99]
In April 2007, Hasina was charged with graft and extortion by the military-backed caretaker government during the 2006–2008 political crisis. She was accused of having forced businessman Tajul Islam Farooq to pay bribes in 1998 before his company could build a power plant. Farooq said that he paid Hasina for approving his project.[100]
On 18 April 2007, the Government barred Hasina from returning, stating that she had made provocative statements and that her return could cause disorder. This was described as a temporary measure. The Caretaker Government had also been trying to get Khaleda Zia to leave the country.[101] Hasina vowed to return home, and on 22 April 2007, a warrant was issued for her arrest for murder.[102][103] Describing the case against her as "totally false and fake", Hasina said that she wanted to defend herself against the charges in court. On 23 April 2007, the arrest warrant was suspended,[104] and on 25 April 2007, the ban on Hasina's entry was dropped.[105] After spending 51 days in the United States and the United Kingdom, on 7 May 2007 Hasina returned to Dhaka, where she was greeted by a crowd of several thousand. She told reporters that the government should not have delayed her return.[106]
On 16 July 2007, Hasina was arrested by police at her home and taken before a local court in Dhaka.[107] She was accused of extortion and denied bail and was held in a building converted into jail on the premises of the National Parliament. The AL said the arrest was politically motivated.[108] On 17 July 2007, the Anti-Corruption Commission sent notices to both Hasina and Khaleda Zia, instructing them to provide details of their assets within one week.[109] Hasina's son Sajeeb Wazed was out of the country and said he would try to organise a worldwide protest. These arrests of the political leaders were widely seen as a move by the military-backed interim government to force Hasina and Zia out of the country and into political exile.[110][111] United Kingdom MPs condemned the arrest.[112]
On 11 April 2007, the police filed murder charges against Hasina, alleging that she masterminded the killing in October 2006 of four supporters of a rival political party. The four alleged victims were beaten to death during clashes between the AL and rival party activists.[113] Hasina was visiting the United States at the time.[114]
On 30 July 2007, the High Court suspended Hasina's extortion trial and ordered her release on bail.[115] On 2 September 2007, an additional case was filed against Hasina by the Anti-Corruption Commission regarding the awarding of a contract for the construction of a power plant in 1997, for which she allegedly took a bribe of 30 million takas and kept the contract from going to the lowest bidder. Six others were also accused of involvement.[116][117] A graft case was filed against Zia on the same day.[116]
On 13 January 2008, Hasina was indicted on extortion charges by a special court along with two of her relatives, her sister Sheikh Rehana and her cousin Sheikh Selim.[118] On 6 February, the High Court stopped the trial, ruling that she could not be prosecuted under emergency laws for crimes alleged to have been committed prior to the imposition of the state of emergency.[119]
On 11 June 2008, Hasina was released on parole for medical reasons. The next day she flew to the United States to be treated for hearing impairment, eye problems and high blood pressure.[120][121] Syed Modasser Ali, her personal physician, threatened to sue the caretaker government over negligence regarding Hasina's treatment during her detention.[122]
The caretaker government held mayoral elections in which AL won 12 out of 13 elections. The government extended her two-month medical parole by one more month.[123]
Second premiership (2009–2024)
Second term (2009–2014)
On 6 November 2008, Hasina returned to Bangladesh to contest the 2008 general election scheduled for 29 December.[124] She decided to participate in the parliamentary election under the banner of the "Grand Alliance" with the Jatiya Party, led by Hussain Muhammad Ershad, as its main partner. On 11 December 2008, Hasina formally announced her party's election manifesto during a news conference and vowed to build a "Digital Bangladesh" by 2021.[125]
The AL manifesto was entitled A Charter for Change and included the party's commitment to Vision 2021. The manifesto included pledges to implement measures to reduce price hikes; combat corruption by strengthening the independent ACC and submission of annual wealth statements by influential people; introduction of a long-term policy towards power and energy increasing power generation to 7,000 megawatts by 2013; bringing vibrancy to the agriculture sector and extending the safety net to the poor; creating good governance and curtailing terrorism and religious extremism; prosecution of 1971 war criminals; ensuring an independent and impartial judiciary; reforming the electoral system; strengthening the Human Rights Commission and de-politicising the administration.[78]
Her Awami League and the Grand Alliance (a total of 14 parties) won the 2008 general election with a two-thirds majority, having won 230 out of 299 seats.[126] Khaleda Zia, leader of the BNP-led coalition (4-Party Alliance), rejected the results of the election by accusing the Chief Election Commissioner of "stage-managing the parliamentary election".[127] Hasina was sworn into office as prime minister for a second term on 6 January 2009. Independent observers declared that the elections were held in a festive and peaceful atmosphere.[128]
After being elected prime minister, Hasina reneged on her agreement with the Jatiya Party to make Ershad, its leader, the president.[129]
Hasina removed Awami League central committee members who supported reforms forced by the previous caretaker government.[130] She had to confront a major national crisis in the form of the 2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt over a pay dispute, which resulted in 56 deaths, including Bangladesh Army officers.[131][132] Hasina was blamed by the army officers due to her refusal to intervene against the revolt.[133][134][135][136] However, In 2009, a recording emerged of Hasina's private meeting with army officers, who expressed their anger with how she had not reacted more decisively in the revolt's early stages, by ordering an armed raid of the BDR Rifles compound; they believed that her efforts to appease the revolt's leaders delayed needed action which led to more deaths.[133][134] In a 2011 The Daily Star editorial, she was commended for "her sagacious handling of the situation which resulted in the prevention of a further bloodbath".[134] In 2011, the parliament removed the law that required non-party caretaker government hold elections.[137] In 2012, she maintained a hard-line stance and refused to allow entry to Rohingya refugees fleeing Myanmar during the 2012 Rakhine State riots.[138]
On 27 June 2013, a case against Hasina and 24 other Bangladeshi Ministers and security personnel was lodged at the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the alleged violation of human rights.[139] She has been "credited internationally" for the achievement of some of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.[140] In 2012 a coup attempt against her by mid-ranking army officers was stopped, with the Bangladesh Army being tipped off by an Indian intelligence agency.[141] The Bangladesh Army described the army officers involved as being Islamist extremists.[142]
In 2012, she had a falling out with Muhammad Yunus, Nobel laureate and founder of Grameen Bank, following a Norwegian documentary that was critical of Yunus's transferring of money from Grameen Bank to an affiliate organisation. Yunus transferred the money back after the documentary aired but it increased scrutiny of the bank by the government and media in Bangladesh. Yunus lost control of his bank following a court verdict. He criticised Hasina and other Bangladeshi politicians. She responded by saying she did not understand why Yunus blamed her when it was a court verdict that removed him from Grameen Bank.[143]
During this term, her government led and succeeded in forming the International Crimes Tribunal, to investigate and prosecute suspects involved in the Bangladesh Genocide, committed by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, Razakars, Al-Badr, and Al-Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.[144]
Third term (2014–2019)
Hasina secured a second-consecutive term in office with her ruling Awami League and its Grand Alliance allies, winning the 2014 general election by a landslide. The election was boycotted by leading opposition parties due to unfair conditions and a lack of non-partisan administration to conduct elections.[145] As a result, the AL-led Grand Alliance won 267 seats out of which 153 were uncontested, surpassing its 2008 poll success—when it secured 263 parliamentary seats.[146] Sheikh Hasina's Awami League has run Bangladesh since 2009 and won 288 seats in this election.[147] One of the leading opposition parties accused it of using stuffed ballot boxes.[146] The election was boycotted by major opposition parties including the BNP.[148]
The election was controversial, with reports of violence and an alleged crackdown on the opposition in the run-up to the election. In the election 153 seats (of 300) went uncontested, of which the Awami League won 127 by default.[149][150] Hasina's Awami League won a safe parliamentary majority with a total of 234 seats.[151][152] As a result of the boycott and violence, voter turnout was lower than the previous few elections at only 51%. The day after the result, Hasina said that the boycott should "not mean there will be a question of legitimacy.[153][154] People participated in the poll and other parties participated." Despite the controversy Hasina went on to form a government with Ershad's Jatiya Party (who won 34 seats) as the official opposition.[155][156]
The BNP wanted the elections to be held under a neutral caretaker government and had hoped to use protests to force the government to do so.[157][158]
The period also saw increasing attacks by Islamic extremists in the country, including the July 2016 Dhaka attack which has been described as "deadliest Islamist attack in Bangladeshi history" by BBC.[159] According to experts, the Hasina-led government's repression of political opposition as well as shrinking democratic and civic space has created "the space for extremist groups to flourish" and "has generated a violent backlash from Islamist groups."[160]
In March 2017, Bangladesh's first two submarines were commissioned.[161] In September 2017, Hasina's government granted refuge and aid to around a million Rohingya refugees and urged Myanmar to end violence against the Rohingya community.[162] The majority of the Bangladeshi people supported the government's decision to provide refugee status to the Rohingya. Hasina received credit and praise for her actions.[163]
Hasina supported calls to remove the Statue of Justice in front of the Supreme Court. This was seen as the government bowing down to the pressure of those who use religion for political ends.[164]
Hasina is a patron of the Asian University for Women, led by Chancellor Cherie Blair, and including the First Lady of Japan, Akie Abe, as well as Irina Bokova, the Director-General of UNESCO.[165]
Fourth term (2019–2024)
Hasina won her third consecutive term, her fourth overall, when her Awami League won 288 of the 300 parliamentary seats. The leader of the main opposition alliance, Kamal Hossain, declared the vote "farcical" and rejected the results. Before the election, Human Rights Watch and other rights organisations had accused the government of creating an intimidating environment for the Opposition.[166] The New York Times editorial board described the election as farcical, the editorial stated that it was likely Hasina would have won without vote-rigging and questioned why she did so.[167]
The BNP, the main opposition party that has been out of power for 12 years and boycotted the 2014 general election, fared extremely poorly. Winning only eight seats, the party and its Jatiya Oikya Front alliance have been marginalised to the weakest opposition ever since Bangladesh's post-Ershad democratic restoration in 1991.[168]
In May 2021, Hasina provided the inaugural address for the opening of a new headquarters for the Bangladesh Post Office, named the Dak Bhaban. In her address, Hasina urged for further development of the postal service in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Developmental measures outlined in the address include continuing the service's digital transformation, and the construction of cooling units in postal warehouses to pave the way for the sending of perishable food by mail.[169]
In January 2022, the government passed a law in the Jatiya Sangsad establishing the Universal Pension Scheme. All Bangladeshi citizens, including expatriates, between 18 and 60 years old are eligible to receive a monthly stipend under the scheme.[170]
By the end of fiscal year 2021–22, Bangladesh's external debt reached $95.86 billion, a 238% increase from 2011.[171] The period is also marked by massive irregularities in the banking sector of the country where the amount of default loans went from less than ৳23000 crore (US$1.9 billion) in 2009[172] to more than ৳250000 crore (US$21 billion) in 2019 according to IMF.[173]
In July 2022, the Finance Ministry requested fiscal assistance from the International Monetary Fund. The government cited depleting foreign-exchange reserves as a result of the sanctions in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. A staff level agreement was reached in November 2022 and in January 2023, the IMF agreed to supply a support programme totalling US$4.7 billion, consisting of US$3.3 billion under the Extended Credit Facility and US$1.4 billion under the new Resilience and Sustainability Facility. The IMF stated support package "will help preserve macroeconomic stability, protect the vulnerable and foster inclusive and green growth."[174]
In December 2022, anti-government protests broke out, linked to the rising costs, demanding the resignation of the Prime Minister.[175]
On 28 December, Hasina opened the first phase of Dhaka Metro Rail, the country's first mass-rapid transit system from Uttara to Agargaon.[176]
During the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit, Hasina had a bilateral meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to discuss diversifying India-Bangladesh cooperation, including areas like connectivity and commercial linkages.[177] She was accompanied by her daughter Saima Wazed, who is a candidate for a WHO election.[178] The summit also provided an opportunity for Hasina to meet other global leaders and strengthen Bangladesh's bilateral ties.[179]
Fifth term (2024)
In January 2024 Hasina won her fourth consecutive term when her party, the Awami League, won 224 of the 300 parliamentary seats amidst a low voter turnout in an election boycotted by the main opposition.[180] She was inaugurated on 11 January.[181][182]
In May 2024, Sheikh Hasina claimed that a "white country" was plotting to topple her government and claimed that she would be promised trouble-free elections in January if she allowed a "white country" to set up an airbase in Bangladesh. She also alleged that there was a conspiracy to create a Christian country on the lines of East Timor and Myanmar.[183]
In June 2024, the prime minister Hasina had visited India.[184] In July 2024, at the invitation of the premier of China Li Qiang, Sheikh Hasina paid an official visit to China.[185] As she visited India a month ago, this visit to China is also seen as her attempt to seek opportunities to mediate between China and India.[186][187]
In the same month of Hasina's state visit to China, protests broke out in support of reforming the quota system.[188] In response, Hasina stated in a press conference,
"If the grandchildren of freedom fighters don't get quota benefits, will those then go to the grandchildren of the Razakars? That's my question to the countrymen."[189]
Protesters interpreted this as her referring to them as Razakars and adopted the title in some of their slogans.[190][191] The protests later turned violent, involving police, the armed forces, and members of the Awami League, Chhatra League, and Jubo League, resulting in over 2000+ deaths and more than 20,000 injuries.[192][193][194] The government then shut down internet access for all non-essential purposes, conducted a massive crackdown on protestors with the help of the armed forces, and imposed a curfew that lasted five days.[195][196] The Supreme Court agreed to reform the quota system,[197][198] but the protesters then demanded justice for those killed during the demonstrations and an official apology from Hasina and the resignation of certain ministers they believed were responsible for inciting violence.[199][200] On 3 August, the protest organisers issued a single demand and announced a non-cooperation movement,[201] calling for the resignation of Hasina and her entire cabinet.[202]
Resignation and flight from Bangladesh
Hasina resigned on 5 August 2024, as large crowds of demonstrators surrounded the prime minister's residence.[203] Her resignation was announced by General Waker-uz-Zaman, the Chief of the Army Staff.[d] Later that day, Hasina fled to India in a chaotic departure, first by car, then by helicopter, and finally by plane.[203] She left with no resignation speech.[203]
Hasina reportedly flew in a Bangladesh Air Force C-130 transport to Hindon Air Force base in Ghaziabad, India, where she was received by the Indian national security advisor Ajit Doval along with other senior military officials.[e] Indian foreign minister S. Jaishankar told the Parliament, "At very short notice, she requested approval to come for the moment to India."[203] Her son, Sajeeb Wazed, initially said that she would not return to politics and planned to "stay in Delhi for a little while" before her next destination, but subsequently said on 7 August that she and the Awami League would remain active in the Bangladeshi political scene[212][213] and that she would return to the country once elections were declared.[214] He also insisted that Sheikh Hasina was still the prime minister, saying that she was unable to formally submit her resignation after being forced to flee from the protesters.[215] Hasina had hoped to go to London, but the United Kingdom reportedly rebuffed initial overtures seeking political asylum. She reportedly considered seeking temporary residence in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Belarus, or Qatar. Because her nephew lives in Finland, that country was speculated as a possible destination. Although Sajeeb Wazed lives in the U.S., she is considered unlikely to seek asylum there, as the U.S. government criticized her rule in Bangladesh.[216]
Hasina was living in a secret location in India under tight security as of August 2024.[217] Sajeeb Wazed said that the protests which led to her resignation had support from a foreign intelligence agency, without naming any country.[218] In a statement published in the Indian media on 11 August, she accused the United States of influencing her resignation, and previously accused the United States of conspiring to oust her in the Jatiya Sangsad.[219] However, Wazed called the statement "false and fabricated" and said Hasina "did not give any statement before or after leaving Dhaka".[220] The White House also denied allegations of any US involvement.[221] On 13 August, Hasina released her first confirmed statements since her overthrow published by Wazed Joy calling for an investigation into the killings made during the protests, while insisting that police and the Awami League were also victims of "terrorist aggression".[222]
Post-premiership
As of 10 September 2024, Hasina is facing 152 cases which include 135 for murder, 7 for crimes against humanity and genocide, 3 for abduction, 6 for attempted murder and 1 for the attack on a BNP procession.[223][224] These cases include other former government officials - Home Minister Asaduzzaman Khan, Transport and Bridges Minister and concurrent Awami League secretary-general Obaidul Quader, and others.[225] The Bangladesh International Crimes Tribunal opened an investigation on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity against her and nine senior government and Awami League officials over their role in the crackdown on the protests following a petition by the father of a killed student.[226] The BNP requested India to extradite Sheikh Hasina to Bangladesh for prosecution against the cases registered on her.[227]
On 21 August, the Yunus interim government ordered the revocation of all diplomatic passports including Hasina's.[228] On 29 August, the interim government issued an ordinance revoking a law providing special privileges to the Sheikh–Wazed family, including Sheikh Hasina, under which it was enacted in 2009.[229][230] On 17 October, the International Crimes Tribunal issued an arrest warrant against her for alleged "crimes against humanity" committed during the July massacre.[231]
Electoral history
Year | Constituency | Party | Votes | % | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | Dhaka-7 | Awami League | 49,362 | 36.5 | Lost | |
Dhaka-10 | 29,451 | 37.8 | Lost | |||
Gopalganj-3 | 67,945 | 72.2 | Won | |||
June 1996 | Bagerhat-1 | 77,342 | 51.4 | Won | ||
Khulna-1 | 62,247 | 53.5 | Won | |||
Gopalganj-3 | 102,689 | 92.2 | Won | |||
2001 | Rangpur-6 | 77,991 | 44.6 | Lost | ||
Gopalganj-3 | 154,130 | 94.7 | Won | |||
Narail-1 | 78,216 | 54.6 | Won | |||
Narail-2 | 97,195 | 50.3 | Won | |||
2008 | Rangpur-6 | 170,542 | 80.0 | Won | ||
Bagerhat-1 | 142,979 | 68.3 | Won | |||
Gopalganj-3 | 158,958 | 97.1 | Won |
Reception
The Padma Bridge graft scandal involved the ruling Awami League government that allegedly sought, in exchange for the awarding of the construction contract, a large amount of money from the Canadian construction company SNC-Lavalin. The allegations were subsequently found to be false and without merit, and a Canadian court subsequently dismissed the case.[232]
As a result of the allegations, the World Bank pulled out of a project to provide funding for the Padma Bridge, citing corruption concerns, cancelling ৳10241.346 crore (US$860 million) of credit for the 6-kilometre-long (3.7 mi) road-rail bridge over the Padma River.[233] One of the individuals implicated was Minister of Communications Syed Abul Hossain who subsequently resigned and was later acquitted of any wrongdoing.[234] On 11 July 2012, BNP General-Secretary Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir said the Awami League government should make public a letter sent by the World Bank, wherein the Bank brought graft charges against Hasina and three other figures.[235] On 17 January 2016, Hasina stated that a managing director of a bank in the United States provoked the World Bank to cancel the loan.[236] The bridge was eventually constructed with the government's own funds and was inaugurated in June 2022 at a cost of ৳30193.39 crore (US$2.5 billion),[237] much higher than the original projected cost of ৳10161.75 crore (US$850 million).[238]
On 24 January 2017, in a speech in parliament, Prime Minister Hasina blamed Muhammad Yunus for the World Bank's pulling out of the project.[239] According to her, Yunus lobbied with the former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to persuade the World Bank to terminate the loan.[240] On 10 February 2017, a justice of the Superior Court of Ontario dismissed the bribery-conspiracy case for lack of any evidence.[232]
In 2018, Hasina's government passed the controversial Digital Security Act, 2018, under which any criticism deemed inappropriate by the government over the internet or any other media could be punished by prison terms of various degrees. This was heavily criticised both domestically and internationally for suppressing people's freedom of speech, as well as undermining press freedom in Bangladesh.[f]
In December 2022, the Hasina government ordered the closure of 191 websites accused of publishing "anti-state news" citing intelligence reports. Dhaka district authorities ordered the closure of Dainik Dinkal, which is owned by Tarique Rahman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Dainik Dinkal appealed the order to the Bangladesh Press Council who dismissed their appeal in February 2022, resulting in its closure.[246] The move has been criticised by government opponents who claim the move is an attempt to stifle opposition to the government.[246] The government claimed Dainik Dinkal violated articles 10, 11, 16, 21(1)(kha) of the Printing Presses and Publications (Declaration and Registration) Act, 1973 as it had irregular publication and its publisher was a convicted felon.[247]
In June 2024, Sheikh Hasina paid a state visit to New Delhi, during which Bangladesh and India signed ten bilateral agreements, including one on allowing India a rail corridor to its northeastern states through Bangladeshi territory. This led to widespread criticism in Bangladesh on the issue of the country's sovereignty, accusing Hasina of "selling the country to India".[30][31]
Domestically, Hasina has been criticised as being too close to India, often at the cost of Bangladesh's sovereignty.[30][31] She is seen by her critics as a manifestation of India's interference in Bangladeshi politics, which they have described as the main source of her power.[32]
Criticisms and Controversies
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Section contradicts WP:NPOV & WP:P&G. (October 2024) |
2024 July Massacre
The July massacre 2024 was one of the most violent crackdowns in Bangladesh's history, ordered by Sheikh Hasina's government to suppress a student-led protest. The protest began as a peaceful demonstration demanding reforms to the education system, but it quickly escalated into a nationwide movement. On 15 July 2024, security forces, including the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) and police, opened fire on unarmed students, many of whom were between the ages of 5 to 30 years old.[248]
The government officially reported around 875 deaths, but independent sources and human rights organizations claim that nearly 3,000 students and civilians were killed.[249] Many more were injured or arrested. Witnesses reported that government forces used excessive force, including live ammunition and tear gas, in areas where peaceful protests were ongoing.[250]
The massacre drew widespread condemnation from both domestic and international bodies, with Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International calling for independent investigations into the killings. The government has been accused of trying to cover up the true extent of the violence by pressuring hospitals to underreport casualties and censoring media coverage.[251]
Election manipulation
Sheikh Hasina's government has faced repeated allegations of manipulating elections to maintain power. The 2014 general election, boycotted by the opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), led to a one-sided result, with the ruling Awami League winning most seats uncontested.[252] Similar accusations surfaced in the 2018 election, with widespread reports of vote rigging and obstruction of opposition voters.[253]
Suppression of opposition and media
Under Hasina's government, opposition leaders, particularly from the BNP, have been frequently arrested or harassed. The imprisonment of BNP leader Khaleda Zia on corruption charges is seen by many[254] as a politically motivated move to weaken the opposition.[255][256] Hasina's government has also cracked down on media freedom, using laws like the Digital Security Act to detain journalists and activists critical of the regime.[257]
Extrajudicial arrests and disappearances
Human rights groups have condemned Sheikh Hasina's government for its use of midnight arrests and enforced disappearances, particularly targeting political opponents, activists, and journalists. Security forces like the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) are accused of abducting individuals from their homes during the night, many of whom were never seen again.[258] Victims of these disappearances often included opposition members or activists who were critical of the regime. These practices have led to international outcry, with the United States imposing sanctions on RAB in 2021 for its involvement in human rights violations.[259]
Money laundering and allegations of corruption in infrastructure projects
Sheikh Hasina's government has been accused of corruption and money laundering, especially in relation to large infrastructure projects such as the Padma Bridge and Dhaka Metro Rail. In 2012, the World Bank withdrew its funding from the Padma Bridge project, citing allegations of a conspiracy to commit corruption involving senior government officials.[260] Though the charges were later dismissed in a Canadian court, critics argue that corruption still plagued the project. Similarly, the Dhaka Metro Rail project has faced accusations of cost inflation and kickbacks involving government officials, further fueling concerns of misuse of state funds.[261]
Renaming of public institutions and allegations of dynastic politics
A prominent point of criticism during Sheikh Hasina's tenure has been the renaming of infrastructure, institutions, and public spaces in honor of her family members, particularly her father, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh.[262] Major projects, such as the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, have either been renamed or established in his name. This practice has also extended to other family members, prompting critics to accuse Hasina of fostering a cult of personality and reinforcing dynastic politics.[263]
Personal life
In 1968, Hasina married M. A. Wazed Miah (1942–2009), a Bangladeshi physicist, writer, and chairman of the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission.[39][41] They have a son, Sajeeb Wazed, and a daughter, Saima Wazed.[39] Saima's father-in-law is a former minister of Expatriates' Welfare and Overseas Employment and LGRD, Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain.[264] Hasina's only living sibling, Sheikh Rehana, served as the adviser of Tungipara upazila unit Awami League in Gopalganj in 2017.[265] Hasina's niece (and Sheikh Rehana's daughter) is Tulip Siddiq, a British Labour Party politician and elected Member of Parliament and City Minister.[266]
During her political career, Sheikh Hasina has survived a total of 19 assassination attempts.[267] She suffers from a hearing impairment as a result of injuries sustained during the 2004 grenade attack.[268] Given the violent history of brutal assassination of Sheikh Mujib family in 1975,[269] and later attempts to assassinate Sheikh Hasina and very high security risk towards the immediate Mujib family members, in 2015, she and her children were given lifelong protection by the government of Bangladesh through the Special Security Force.[270][271] Practice of extending such security protection is not rare for persons with high security risk to their lives.[272] The government also announced free utility for life for her and her family.[273] However, the interim government decided to cancelled this law.[274][275] Then on 9 September 2024, an ordinance was issued repealing this law.[276][277]
Bibliography
- সাদা কালো (Black and White)[278]
- Democracy in Distress Demeaned Humanity[279]
- শেখ রাসেল (Sheikh Rasel)[280]
- আমরা জনগণের কথা বলতে এসেছি (We Came Here to Speak for the People)[281]
- আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক উন্নয়নে শেখ হাসিনা (Sheikh Hasina on Developing International relations)[282]
- Living in Tears[283]
- রচনাসমগ্র ১[284]
- রচনাসমগ্র ২[285]
- সামরিকতন্ত্র বনাম গণতন্ত্র (Militarism versus Democracy)[286]
- Development for the Masses[287]
- Democracy Poverty Elimination and Peace[288]
- বিপন্ন গণতন্ত্র লাঞ্চিত মানবতা (Endangered Democracy, Oppressed Humanity)[289]
- জনগণ এবং গণতন্ত্র (People and democracy)[290]
- সহেনা মানবতার অবমাননা (Can't Tolerate the Insults of Humanity)[291]
- ওরা টোকাই কেন (Why They Are Dumpster Diving)[292]
- বাংলাদেশে স্বৈরতন্ত্রের জন্ম (The Birth of Autocracy in Bangladesh)[293]
- বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদে বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান (Sheikh Mujib in Bangladesh Parliament)[294]
- শেখ মুজিব আমার পিতা (Sheikh Mujib: My Father)[295]
- সবুজ মাঠ পেরিয়ে (Beyond the Green Field)[296]
- দারিদ্র দূরীকরণে কিছু চিন্তাভাবনা (Few Thoughts on Eradicating Poverty)[297]
- বিশ্ব প্রামান্য ঐতিহ্যে বঙ্গবন্ধুর ভাষণ[298]
- নির্বাচিত ১০০ ভাষণ (Selected 100 speeches)[299]
- নির্বাচিত প্রবন্ধ (Selected Essay)[300]
- The Quest for Vision 2021 – 1st Part[301]
- The Quest for Vision 2021 – 2nd Part[302]
- Muktidata Sheikh Mujib (Bengali: মুক্তিদাতা শেখ মুজিব) (Preface)[303]
Honours and awards
Honorary doctorates
- Degree of Doctor of Law by the Boston University on 6 February 1997.[304]
- Honorary Doctor of Law by the Waseda University[305] of Japan on 4 July 1997.
- Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy in Liberal Arts by the University of Abertay Dundee on 25 October 1997.[304]
- Honorary Degree of 'Desikottama' (Doctor of Literature, honoris causa) by the Visva-Bharati University of India on 28 January 1999.[304][306]
- Doctor of Law[307] (honoris causa), by the Australian National University on 20 October 1999.[304]
- Honorary Doctor of Law by the University of Dhaka[308] on 18 December 1999.[304]
- Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by University of Bridgeport on 5 September 2000.[304]
- Doctor of Literature (honoris causa) by the Tripura University in January 2012.[309][310][311][312]
- Doctor of the University (Honorary) by the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University on 16 November 2015.[313]
- Doctor of Letters (Honorary) by the Kazi Nazrul University, West Bengal, India on 26 May 2018.[314][315]
Awards
- Foreign Policy magazine named her as one of the world's leading global thinkers in 2019.[316]
- Planet 50–50 champion by UN Women.[317]
- Agent of Change Award by Global Partnership Forum.[317]
- Included on the Time 100 list in 2018.[318]
- 59th place on Forbes' list of 100 most powerful women in the world.[319]
- The Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize by the UNESCO for 1998.[320][321]
- Mother Teresa Award by the All India Peace Council in 1998.[304]
- M.K. Gandhi Award for 1998 by the Mahatma M K Gandhi Foundation of Oslo, Norway.[304]
- Awarded Medal of Distinction in 1996–97 and 1998–99 and Head of State Medal in 1996–97 by the Lions Clubs International.[322]
- The Ceres Medal[323][324] by the Food and Agriculture Organization for 1999.[304][325]
- The Pearl S. Buck Award[326] by the Randolph College on 9 April 2000.[304]
- Named Paul Harris Fellow by the Rotary Foundation.[304]
- Indira Gandhi Prize for 2009.[327][328]
- UNESCO Peace Tree award for her commitment to women's empowerment and girl's education in 2014.[329]
- UN environment prize for leadership on climate change.[330]
- Recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award (Champions of the Earth) in 2015.[331]
In popular culture
- Hasina appears in the 2018 docudrama Hasina: A Daughter's Tale, directed by Rezaur Rahman Khan Piplu.[332][333]
- On 1 February 2021, Hasina was referred in Al Jazeera's 64-minute documentary All the Prime Minister's Men.
- On 28 September 2021, Khoka Theke Bangabandhu Jatir Pita, an animated biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released where Sheikh Hasina was also portrayed.[334]
- On 1 October 2021, another animated film named Mujib Amar Pita about Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released which also included Sheikh Hasina. The film was based on Hasina's book Sheikh Mujib Amar Pita.[335]
- On 26 October 2023, Amader Choto Russel Shona, an animated film about Sheikh Russel, was released where Sheikh Hasina was portrayed as elder sister of Russel. She also wrote the screenplay of the movie.[336]
- On 17 November 2023, Hasina appears giving interview about the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in The Assassin Next Door, an episode of Canadian documentary series The Fifth Estate.[337]
Footnotes
References
- ^ Overthrown in a popular uprising
- ^ "President dissolves parliament". The Daily Star. 6 August 2024. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ Miah, M. A. Wazed (1997). বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবকে ঘিরে কিছু ঘটনা ও বাংলাদেশ (in Bengali). The University Press Limited. p. 242.
- ^ "Hasina will not return to politics". The Daily Star. 6 August 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh's PM resigns and flees country as protesters storm her residence capping weeks of unrest". Washington Post. 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ Hasnat, Saif; Martínez, Andrés R. (5 August 2024). "What We Know About the Ouster of Bangladesh's Leader". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina: A critical misstep and the end of 15 years of rule". Al Jazeera. 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
- ^ Kawser, Rumi (11 September 2019). "Survey: Sheikh Hasina tops as longest serving female leader in world". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ "Bangladesh's dictator flees—leaving behind a dangerous vacuum". The Economist. 5 August 2024. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ Ahmed, Redwan; Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (26 July 2024). "Bangladesh student protests turn into 'mass movement against a dictator'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina: Bangladesh democracy icon-turned-iron lady". France 24. 7 January 2024. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina forced to resign: What happened and what's next?". Al Jazeera English. 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ McVeigh, Tracy (6 August 2024). "Sheikh Hasina: child of the revolution who eroded Bangladesh's democracy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024.
- ^ "'Free from dictatorship': Bangladesh protesters celebrate Sheikh Hasina's exit". India Today. 6 August 2024. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ "'Not only Bangladesh ... ':Farooq Abdullah's cryptic lesson 'for every dictator'". The Times of India. 6 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina: From a pro-democratic leader to a dictator". Daily Sun. August 2024. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina: How Bangladesh's protesters ended a 15-year reign". BBC. 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina: Bangladesh's pro-democracy icon who became an autocrat". BBC News. 6 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 September 2024.
- ^ Campbell, Charlie (5 August 2024). "Bangladesh Protests Become 'People's Uprising' Against Government". TIME. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- ^ a b Crossette, Barbara (9 December 1990). "Revolution Brings Bangladesh Hope". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ a b "Analysis: A tale of two women". BBC News. 2 October 2001. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Magura: Polls then and now". The Daily Star. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ "Bangladesh Prime Minister Wins 3rd Term Amid Deadly Violence on Election Day". The New York Times. 30 December 2018. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ "Time to bring back smuggled money". The Daily Star. 8 August 2024. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh's ex-PM Hasina in India: A dilemma for New Delhi". Deutsche Welle. 13 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024.
- ^ Ethirajan, Anbarasan (5 August 2024). "Sheikh Hasina: How Bangladesh's protesters ended a 15-year reign". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ Riaz, Ali (September 2020). "The pathway of massive socioeconomic and infracstructuaral development but democratic backsliding in Bangladesh". Democratization. 28 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1818069. S2CID 224958514.
- ^ Diamond, Larry (September 2020). "Democratic regression in comparative perspective: scope, methods, and causes". Democratization. 28 (1): 22–42. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1807517.
- ^ "Predator Sheikh Hasina". Reporters Without Borders. 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ a b c "PM Hasina bins criticism of selling country to India". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ a b c "Sheikh Hasina doesn't sell the country, say prime minister". Prothomalo. 25 June 2024. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Bangladeshis launch 'India Out' campaign over alleged meddling linked to Hasina". South China Morning Post. 23 February 2024. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ "What does Sheikh Hasina's resignation mean for India-Bangladesh relations?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
- ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (2 September 2024). "'A myopic policy': India's backing of ousted Bangladesh leader Sheikh Hasina leaves it in a bind". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Sheikh Hasina: The World's 100 Most Influential People". Time. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2015". Forbes ME. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
- ^ "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women". Forbes. 4 December 2018. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women". Forbes. 1 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ^ a b c "PM's birthday today". The Daily Star. 29 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ বাংলাদেশ ও অনুপ্রেরণার গল্প [Bangladesh and a Story of Inspiration]. Inspiring Bangladesh. 2022. p. 30. ISBN 978-984-35-0351-0.
- ^ a b c d "Sheikh Hasina Wazed". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina". BTRC. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Developing newspaper reading habit: Sheikh Hasina revisits memory lane". The Business Standard. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Sheikh Hasina: They 'should be punished'". Al Jazeera. 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ a b "In the shadow of a larger-than-life father". The Daily Star. 15 August 2021. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ প্রতিবেদক, নিজস্ব (29 November 2015). যে কলেজের ছাত্রী প্রধানমন্ত্রী হয়েছেন. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d "PM Sheikh Hasina: From student leader to world leader". Dhaka Tribune. 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Miah, MA Wazed". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "A walk through PM Hasina's life". Dhaka Tribune. 28 September 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Notable students from Dhaka University". July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Hasina, Sheikh – Banglapedia". The Business Standard. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Home :: Dhaka University". Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Bangladesh Coup: A Day of Killings". The New York Times. 23 August 1975. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ^ "Mu jib Reported Overthrown and Killed in a Coup by the Bangladesh Military". The New York Times. 15 August 1975. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ^ "The Mournful Day". The Business Standard. 13 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "When we were homeless, countryless; Indira Gandhi called us to India: Sheikh Hasina". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Hasina recalls her historic moment with Indira Gandhi". The Hindu. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "A memoir that retraces Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana's days in exile". The Daily Star. 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina | World Leaders Forum". Archived from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Hasina says Awami League 'never runs away from anything'". Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "What you need to know about Sheikh Hasina's homecoming". 17 May 2021. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina Wajed". Forbes. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina : The Modern Day Joan Of Arc". Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ Adams, William Lee (16 September 2011). "Top Female Leaders Around the World". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "ACE". aceproject.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina –". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina | বিটিআরসি". BTRC. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Bangladesh Storms Kill 200 in Week; 3,000 Are Missing". The New York Times. Associated Press. 29 August 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "A Life sketch of Sheikh Hasina; Sentinel of Democracy". Bangladesh Awami League. 27 September 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "Hossain, Shahid Nur". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Lawal, Shola (5 January 2024). "Bans and boycotts: The troubled history of Bangladesh's elections". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "Memories of Magura 1994". New Age. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ Burns, John F. (14 January 1996). "Bangladesh Facing an Election Crisis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Haidar, Suhasini (17 October 2020). "Before his pen went dry, Pranab Mukherjee wrote on 1971, love for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman family". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ "Bangladeshi General Election, February 1996". Bangladesh Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Past elections at a glance". The Daily Star. 29 December 2008. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Burns, John F. (14 June 1996). "After 21 Years, Bangladeshi Party Is Returned to Power". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Hasina, Sheikh". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina's party wins Bangladesh election; opposition claims votes rigged". www.businesstoday.in. 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ Matin, Abdul (1997). Sheikh Hasina: The Making of a Prime Minister. Radical Asia Publications. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-907546-27-6. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ "Assassination Attempt on Hasina: Ten Huji men get death by shooting". The Daily Star. 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ "August 21 attack: 'State-backed crime' punished". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "Eleven years on, trial of 21 Aug grenade attack still to end". Prothom Alo. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "10 years of 21 August grenade attack". Prothom Alo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ Smith, Paul J. (26 March 2015). Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-45887-6. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ লগি-বৈঠা: মামলার ১৯ আসামি খালাস. bdnews24.com (in Bengali). 8 June 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- ^ Sengupta, Somini (12 January 2007). "In Bangladesh, State of Emergency and Election Delay". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ "10 Huji men to die for the attempted murder of Hasina". Jago News 24. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ^ Rahman, Waliur (8 January 2007). "South Asia | Is Bangladesh heading towards disaster?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ^ Habib, Haroon (4 January 2007). "Polls won't be fair: Hasina". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ "The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 922". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ "The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 920". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ "General Moeen Purge 1/11 Key Players in Power Struggle To Regain Supremacy". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Daily Star Editor Mahfuz Anam admits to publishing DGFI-fed baseless stories". bdnews24.com. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "Ministers Menon, Nasim demand commission to find '1/11 architects'". bdnews24.com. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "Editor Mahfuz Anam should have resigned if he had self-esteem, says Prime Minister Hasina". bdnews24.com. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Hasina flies to US tomorrow". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ Ahmed, Anid (7 May 2007). "Former Bangladesh PM Hasina returns from exile". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ Baker, Luke (22 April 2007). "Bangladesh's ex-PM Hasina barred from flying home". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ^ "Bangladesh police to investigate graft allegation against former PM Hasina". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008.
- ^ "Bangladeshi gov't bans former PM's return home from USA". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "Bangladesh issues ex-PM warrant". 22 April 2007. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "Murder warrant issued against Bangladesh ex-leader Hasina as she prepares to return home". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 22 April 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.
- ^ "Hasina: I will fight charges". Al Jazeera. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007.
- ^ "Opposition welcomes B'desh U-turn". 26 April 2007. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ Habib, Haroon (7 May 2007). "Sheikh Hasina returns home". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ "Former Bangladeshi PM arrested: reports". ABC News. 16 July 2007. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "Security stepped up after the arrest of the ex-Bangladesh prime minister on extortion charges". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007.
- ^ "Hasina, Khaleda given 7 days for wealth report". The Daily Star. 18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "South Asia – Ex-Bangladesh PM in murder case". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Bangladesh's ex-leader Sheikh Hasina barred from boarding plane home". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 22 April 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007.
- ^ "UK MPs denounce Bangladesh arrest". 23 July 2007. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "Hasina charged in murder case". Al Jazeera. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 15 April 2007.
- ^ "B'desh's Hasina to stay abroad pending murder charge". Reuters. 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "High Court grants Hasina bail, suspends trial". Outlook. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Ex-PM sued on corruption charges in Bangladesh". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 2 September 2007. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.
- ^ "Detained ex-PM of Bangladesh faces new graft charges" Archived 10 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of India, 3 September 2007.
- ^ "Bangladesh court indicts Hasina, two others in extortion case". The Times of India. 13 January 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ "Bangladesh court quashes Hasina's trial". The Hindu. 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ Herman, Steve (11 June 2008). "Bangladesh Caretaker Government Frees Former PM Hasina". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 10 July 2008.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina goes to US for medical treatment". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Hasina wants to return end of Sept: doctor". bdnews24.com. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina's happy day; Bangladesh". The Economist. 7 August 2008. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ Pasricha, Anjana (6 November 2008). "Sheikh Hasina Returns to Lead Her Party in Bangladesh". VOA News. Archived from the original on 10 November 2008.
- ^ "Hasina plays on people's expectation for a change". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "Hasina wins Bangladesh landslide". 30 December 2008. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "चण्डीगढ़,पंजाब और हरियाणा में घना कोहरा छा" (in Hindi). Samay Live. 10 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ^ Sengupta, Somini; Manik, Julfikar Ali (29 December 2008). "Secular Party Wins in Bangladesh". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ এরশাদের ভারতপ্রেম রাজনীতিতে নতুন ছক!. Banglanews24 (in Bengali). 22 August 2012. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina flexes her muscles". Dhaka Courier. 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018.
- ^ Ramesh, Randeep; Monsur, Maloti (28 February 2009). "Bangladeshi army officers' bodies found as death toll from mutiny rises to more than 75". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Sengupta, Somini (13 March 2009). "Bangladeshi Premier Faces a Grim Crucible". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ a b Khan, Urmee; Nelson, Dean. "Bangladeshi army officers blame prime minister for mutiny". www.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Hasina showed character". The Daily Star. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ Sobhan, Zafar (2 March 2009). "After the Mutiny, Questions About Bangladesh's Army". Time. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ Ramesh, Randeep; Monsur, Maloti (28 February 2009). "Bangladeshi army officers' bodies found as death toll from rebellion rises". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Bangladesh ends 'caretaker' polls". BBC News. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ PM says Bangladesh cannot help Rohingya on YouTube
- ^ "Complaint lodged at ICC accusing Hasina, 24 others". Dhaka Tribune. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- ^ Tisdall, Simon; Ridout, Anna (21 September 2015). "Bangladesh's PM rejects claims of repression: 'I do politics for the people'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ Samad, Saleem (28 January 2012). "Dhaka Conspiracy". India Today. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
- ^ Gottipati, Sruthi; Kumar, Hari (19 January 2012). "Bangladesh Army Claims to Thwart Coup Attempt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Gladstone, Rick (23 September 2011). "Grandmotherly Bangladesh Leader Unfazed by Problems at Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Reform in International Crimes Tribunal soon". Dhaka Tribune. 18 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Bangladesh: Ruling Awami League wins election marred by boycott and violence". The Independent. London. 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Bangladesh PM wins landslide election". BBC News. 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Bangladesh's ruling alliance wins almost every seat amid claims of intimidation". ABC News. 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ Barry, Ellen (5 January 2014). "Opposition Party Boycotting Bangladesh Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh: Constitution and politics". The Commonwealth. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Elections in Bangladesh: Political Conflict and the Problem of Credibility". E-International Relations. 2 February 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina fourth time Prime Minister – Front Page". The Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Election Special: PAST ELECTIONS FACT BOX". The Daily Star. 29 December 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Role of election boycotts in a democracy —". aceproject.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Clashes in boycotted Bangladesh poll". 5 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Awami League to offer 36 seats to Jatiya Party". Dhaka Tribune. 25 November 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Falling short by five seats". The Daily Star. 2 January 2019. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ Barry, Ellen (11 January 2014). "Matriarchs' Duel for Power Threatens to Tilt Bangladesh Off Balance". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Bangladesh elections: Hanging by a thread". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Holey Artisan cafe: Bangladesh Islamists sentenced to death for 2016 attack". BBC News. 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
The 12-hour siege was Bangladesh's deadliest Islamist attack. Most of the victims were Italian or Japanese.
- ^ Herbert, Siân. "Conflict analysis of Bangladesh" (PDF). K4D. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Bangladesh's first 2 submarines commissioned". The Daily Star. 12 March 2017. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ "Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina visits Rohingya refugees, assures help". The Indian Express. 13 September 2017. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ Joehnk, Tom Felix (6 October 2017). "How the Rohingya Crisis Is Changing Bangladesh". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Safi, Michael (26 May 2017). "Lady Justice statue in Bangladesh is removed after Islamist objections". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ "Educating girls and women is the best way to fight poverty and build peace". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- ^ Manik, Julfikar Ali; Abi-Habib, Maria (31 December 2018). "Bangladesh's Leader Wins a Third Term but Opposition Contests Results". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ The Editorial Board (14 January 2019). "Bangladesh's Farcical Vote". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Awami League wins five more years". Dhaka Tribune. 30 December 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "PM Hasina urges postal department to start online business". Dhaka Tribune. 27 May 2021. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ Zaman, Md Asaduz (31 January 2023). "Universal pension scheme: What it is and how it will work". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ "Bangladesh's foreign debt more than triples in 10 years". The Business Standard. 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Defaulted loans rise by 417pc since 2009: study". New Age. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Taleb, Sheikh Abu. "Default loans in Bangladesh's banks keep swelling". bdnews24.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "IMF board approves $4.7 billion support program for Bangladesh". Dhaka Tribune. 31 January 2023. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ Sud, Vedika; Xiong, Yong (11 December 2022). "Tens of thousands protest in Bangladesh to demand resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "PM opens country's first metro rail". The Daily Star. 28 December 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ "PM Modi, Sheikh Hasina hold talks on diversifying India-Bangladesh cooperation". The Hindu. 8 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina daughter, candidate for WHO election, likely to join mother during G20 summit". Deccan Herald. 8 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ "PM to hold three bilateral meetings with Mauritius PM, Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina and US President at his residence in New Delhi". PM India. 8 September 2023. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Bangladesh election: PM Sheikh Hasina wins fourth term in controversial vote". 7 January 2024. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ "Hasina sworn in as PM for fifth term". The Daily Star. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ Ali Asif Shawon. "Sheikh Hasina sworn in for historic 5th term". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Plot afoot for new state carved out of Bangladesh, Myanmar". The Daily Star. 24 May 2024. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
- ^ Rizve, Saqlain (17 July 2024). "Bangladesh's Tough Tightrope Walk Between India and China". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ Kanunjna, Anupam Deb (8 July 2024). "Bangladesh PM visits Beijing as China, India eye influence". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh prefers India over China in $1 billion river project". The Economic Times. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ "Days After India Visit, Bangladesh PM In China To Hold Talks With Xi Jinping". NDTV. 22 February 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ Hasnat, Saif (11 July 2024). "Tens of Thousands of Students Protest Job Quotas in Bangladesh's Streets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
- ^ "How PM Hasina's 'razakar' barb became catchword of Bangladesh protests; here's what it means". WION. 20 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ মধ্যরাতে 'তুমি কে, আমি কে, রাজাকার রাজাকার' স্লোগানে উত্তাল ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়. Jaijaidin (in Bengali). 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ "Protest erupts at Dhaka University over PM's quota remarks". Dhaka Tribune. 15 July 2024.
- ^ কোটা সংস্কার আন্দোলন: সংঘর্ষে নিহত ৬. RTV (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ সারাদেশে সহিংসতায় নিহত ১১ [11 killed in violence across the country]. RTV (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ "Drenched in blood – how Bangladesh protests turned deadly". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh wakes to TV, internet blackout as deadly protests spike". France 24. 19 July 2024. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ Shih, Gerry (19 July 2024). "Bangladesh imposes curfew after dozens killed in anti-government protests". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh's top court rolls back some job quotas after deadly protests". 21 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh's top court scales back 'discriminatory' job quota system after deadly protests". 21 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh protests resume after ultimatum ignored". CNA. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ^ "In Bangladesh, protests are no longer about the quota system" (Opinion). Aljazeera. 23 July 2024. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ^ "It's now one point". The Daily Star. 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ "One-point demand: Protesters call for PM Hasina to step down". Dhaka Tribune. 3 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d Mujib Mashal, Shayeza Walid and Saif Hasnat, Bangladesh's Leader Fled Just Ahead of an Angry Crowd, Urged by Family to Go Archived 7 August 2024 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (6 August 2024).
- ^ Isaac Yee; Tanbirul Miraj Ripon (5 August 2024). "Bangladesh prime minister resigns as deadly anti-government rallies grip nation". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina lands at Hindon Air Base near Delhi, after resigning as Bangladesh PM". The Economic Times. 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ Gupta, Anant (5 August 2024). "Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigns, army chief says". Washington Post.
- ^ Alam, Julhas; Pathi, Krutika (5 August 2024). "Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigns and leaves Bangladesh, ending 15-year rule". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina resigns LIVE updates: Army to form interim government amid Bangladesh crisis". 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ Dhar, Aniruddha (5 August 2024). "Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigns, flees country as protestors storm palace". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh protests: Sheikh Hasina resigns as Bangladesh PM, leaves country with sister: reports". 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ Ethirajan, Anbarasan (5 August 2024). "How Bangladesh's protests ended Sheikh Hasina's 15-year reign". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ "Nobel laureate Yunus arrives in Bangladesh to take over as interim leader". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ "Hasina won't return to politics: Joy". The Daily Star. 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ "Son says Hasina will return to Bangladesh". BBC News. 10 August 2024. Archived from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ Das, Krishna N. (10 August 2024). "Bangladesh's Hasina did not resign before fleeing, son says". Reuters.
- ^ "As UK rebuffs Hasina's asylum request, she looks for alternatives in UAE, Saudi Arabia, Finland". Firstpost. 7 August 2024. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
- ^ "Hasina moved to secure location in India". Dhaka Tribune. 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ "'I could have stayed in power if ...': Sheikh Hasina claims US role in her ouster from Bangladesh". The Times of India. 11 August 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 11 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina's Undelivered Speech Had Big Charge Against US". NDTV. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ "Joy denies Hasina's alleged statement on US role in ouster". Dhaka Tribune. 12 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ "US rejects involvement in removing Hasina from power". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ Alam, Julhas (14 August 2024). "Bangladesh's ex-Premier Hasina calls for probe into killings during unrest that led to her ouster". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
- ^ "Hasina, 156 others sued over killing two in Jatrabari". The Daily Star. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ শেখ হাসিনার বিরুদ্ধে ঢাকায় আরও ৬ মামলা. Prothomalo (in Bengali). 22 August 2024. Archived from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ "2015 attack on Khaleda's convoy: Complaint filed against 113, including Hasina". Dhaka Tribune. 18 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ "Probe starts against Hasina, 9 others for genocide, crimes against humanity". Dhaka Tribune. 15 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
- ^ "BNP asks India to extradite PM Sheikh Hasina for trial in Bangladesh". The Times of India. 21 August 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
- ^ "Govt to revoke diplomatic passports". Dhaka Tribune. 21 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ "Govt decides to repeal law for protecting family members of Bangabandhu". Dhaka Tribune. 29 August 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ "'She has to keep quiet till ...': Bangladesh's Muhammad Yunus sets conditions for Sheikh Hasina's interim stay in India". The Times of India. 5 September 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh issues arrest warrant for ex-leader Hasina". BBC. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
- ^ a b "Canada court finds no proof of Padma bridge bribery conspiracy". The Daily Star. 11 February 2017. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ "World Bank cancels Bangladesh bridge loan over corruption". BBC News. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
- ^ "Bridge-mending". The Economist. 27 February 2012. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ Ahmed, Hafez. "PM among 3 charged with graft by WB : Fakhrul". The Financial Express. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ "A bank's MD provoked WB to scrap Padma Bridge funding". The Daily Star. 17 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ Farhin Antara, Nawaz; Mamun, Shohel (25 June 2022). "PM: Padma bridge belongs to people of Bangladesh". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ Islam, Jahidul (12 December 2020). "How Padma Bridge cost surged to Tk30,000cr". The Business Standard. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ "PM blames Yunus for cancellation of WB's Padma financing". Prothom Alo. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ "Nobel laureate Yunus got Hillary Clinton to stop WB funding for Padma Bridge, says Hasina". bdnews24.com. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ "Tool ripe for abuse: HRW". The Daily Star. 26 September 2018. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ "New Digital Security Act in Bangladesh deepens threats to free expression". 21 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Bangladesh: New Digital Security Act is attack on freedom of expression". Amnesty International. 12 November 2018. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Digital Security Act 2018: young generation speaks". New Age. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Bangladesh editors protest 'chilling' Digital Security Act". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Bangladesh shuts down main opposition newspaper". Agence France-Presse. 20 February 2023. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
- ^ "Now Dainik Dinkal faces shutdown". Dhaka Tribune. 23 February 2023. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ "Bangladesh: Security Forces Target Unarmed Students". Human Rights Watch. 22 July 2024. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ Asadullah, Muhammad; Ritu, Nousheen Sharmila (20 September 2024). "Prosecuting the perpetrators of July–August massacre: A case for restorative justice". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Archived from the original on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh protests turn deadly: Students killed by security forces". The daily star. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh: July 2024 Massacre and Government Suppression". The daily star. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ "One-Sided Bangladesh Election Raises Fear of One-Party Rule". Voice of America. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh election marred by 'vote-rigging', deadly violence and media crackdown fears". The Independent. 30 December 2018. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh Opposition Leader Zia in Prison a Year". Human Rights Watch. 8 February 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh ex-PM Khaleda Zia jailed amid clashes". BBC News. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ "Violent protests as opposition leader is jailed in Bangladesh". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ "Journalists fear Digital Security Act in Bangladesh". DW. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2024.[dead link ]
- ^ "Bangladesh: End Disappearances and Secret Detentions". Human Rights Watch. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ Mahmud, Faisal (15 December 2021). "Are sanctions on RAB a shift in US policy towards Bangladesh?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024.
- ^ "World Bank cancels Bangladesh bridge loan over corruption". BBC News. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ "Mega-projects, mega-corruption, mega-greed". The Daily Star. 14 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024.
- ^ "Ode to the father: Bangladesh's political personality cult". France 24. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Bangladesh's growing political personality cult around 'Father of the Nation'". The Hindu. 5 January 2024. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ "Discussion on the New Cabinet". E-Bangladesh. 6 January 2009. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
- ^ "Sheikh Rehana becomes adviser of Tungipara AL". Dhaka Tribune. 30 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ "UK lawmaker Tulip Siddiq appointed as City Minister". Reuters. 9 July 2024.
- ^ Karim, Rezaul (27 September 2021). "A life haunted by assassins all along". The Business Standard. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ "August 21 grenade attack: The day democracy almost died". Dhaka Tribune. 21 August 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
- ^ "Mujib's Loyal Followers Reported to Plot Vengeance". The New York Times. 25 August 1975. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ "Bangabandhu family to get more security, free utility, foreign treatment". The Daily Star. 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ "19 privileges for Bangabandhu family". Prothom Alo. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ^ "Cabinet clears SSF Bill to increase security for Bangabandhu's family". Dhaka Tribune. 17 May 2021.
- ^ "Tighter security for Bangabandhu family". bdnews24.com. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
- ^ "Security laws for Bangabandhu's family members to be cancelled". The Business Standard. 28 August 2024. Archived from the original on 28 August 2024.
- ^ "Draft to repeal security act for Bangabandhu's family members approved". The Daily Star. 29 August 2024. Archived from the original on 29 August 2024.
- ^ বঙ্গবন্ধু পরিবারের বিশেষ নিরাপত্তা আইন বাতিল করে অধ্যাদেশ জারি. Daily Inqilab (in Bengali). 9 September 2024. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024.
- ^ "Law providing special security to Bangabandhu's family abolished". Dhaka Tribune. 9 September 2024.
- ^ সাদা কালো – শেখ হাসিনা (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Democracy in Distress Demeaned Humanity – Sheikh Hasina. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina; Sheikh, Rehana. শেখ রাসেল (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. আমরা জনগণের কথা বলতে এসেছি – পান্না কায়সার (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক উন্নয়নে শেখ হাসিনা (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. Living in Tears – Sheikh Hasina (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. রচনাসমগ্র ১ (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. রচনাসমগ্র ২ (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. সামরিকতন্ত্র বনাম গণতন্ত্র (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. Development for the masses. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. Democracy proverty elimination and peace. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. বিপন্ন গণতন্ত্র লাঞ্চিত মানবতা (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. People and Democracy – Sheikh Hasina জণগণ এবং গণতন্ত্র (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. সহেনা মানবতার অবমাননা (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. ওরা টোকাই কেন (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. বাংলাদেশে স্বৈরতন্ত্রের জন্ম (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদে বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. শেখ মুজিব আমার পিতা (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. সবুজ মাঠ পেরিয়ে (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. দারিদ্র দূরীকরণে কিছু চিন্তাভাবনা (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. বিশ্ব প্রামান্য ঐতিহ্যে বঙ্গবন্ধুর ভাষণ (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. নির্বাচিত ১০০ ভাষণ (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. নির্বাচিত প্রবন্ধ (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. The quest for vision 2021 1st-part. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Sheikh, Hasina. The-quest-for-vision-2021—2nd-part. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ "'মুক্তিদাতা শেখ মুজিব' গ্রন্থের মোড়ক উন্মোচন করলেন প্রধানমন্ত্রী | কালের কণ্ঠ". Kalerkantho (in Bengali). 14 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k প্রধানমন্ত্রীর কার্যালয়-গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকার (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "早稲田大学". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Desikottamas". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "About ANU" (PDF). ANU. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "The University: Honoris Causa". University of Dhaka. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Hasina gets emotional about Tripura". Business Line. 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018.
- ^ "Hasina receives doctorate, gets emotional about Tripura". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Hasina receives doctorate, gets emotional about Tripura". The Telegraph. Calcutta. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Tripura varsity confers doctorate on Hasina". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "1st Convocation of SAU Held". Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
- ^ "Secularism the way forward for Bangladesh, says Sheikh Hasina". The Hindu. 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
- ^ "Hasina conferred honorary D.Litt by Kazi Nazrul University". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "2019 Global Thinkers". Foreign Policy. 15 January 2019. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina receives 'Planet 50–50 Champion' and 'Agent of Change Award'". bdnews24.com. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
- ^ Ganguly, Meenakshi. "Sheikh Hasina Is on the 2018 TIME 100 List". Time. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
- ^ "Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina on Forbes' list of 100 most powerful women in the world". bdnews24. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
- ^ "1998 Prizewinners – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Prizewinners of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ প্রধানমন্ত্রীর কার্যালয়-গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকার (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "News in brief – January 2000". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Queen Sofia of Spain awarded the Ceres Medal". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Bangladesh recognized for halving hunger before MDG timeline" (PDF). fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "Randolph College – The Pearl S. Buck Award". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Hasina honoured with Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina receives Indira Gandhi award". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ Rahman, Mizan (8 September 2014). "Unesco honours Hasina for promotion of girls' education". Gulf Times. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
- ^ "Bangladeshi Prime Minister wins UN environment prize for leadership on climate change". UN News Centre. 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "Search Results". UN Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ^ Karim, Elita (29 September 2018). "'Hasina: A Daughter's Tale' to Premiere Soon". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ "'Hasina: A Daughter's Tale' awaits release". Dhaka Tribune. 28 September 2018. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
- ^ অ্যানিমেশন: 'খোকা থেকে বঙ্গবন্ধু জাতির পিতা'. Kaler Kantho (in Bengali). 17 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ 'মুজিব আমার পিতা' মুক্তি পাচ্ছে ১ অক্টোবর. www.sunnews24x7.com (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina unveils 'Duronto Pranovonto Sheikh Russell'". New Age. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ^ "The assassin next door". CBC News. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
Further reading
- Skard, Torild (2014) [2012]. Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide. Translated by Torild Skard. Bristol, UK: Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-44731-578-0. OCLC 891593770.
External links
- Sheikh Hasina at Banglapedia
- Sheikh Hasina at IMDb
- শেখ হাসিনা - গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকারের মাননীয় প্রধানমন্ত্রীর জীবনবৃত্তান্ত (in Bengali). Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024.
- 1947 births
- Living people
- People from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh
- Sheikh Hasina
- 10th Jatiya Sangsad members
- 11th Jatiya Sangsad members
- 20th-century Bangladeshi women politicians
- 20th-century Bengalis
- 20th-century Muslims
- 21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians
- 21st-century Bengalis
- 21st-century Muslims
- 5th Jatiya Sangsad members
- 7th Jatiya Sangsad members
- 8th Jatiya Sangsad members
- 9th Jatiya Sangsad members
- Awami League politicians
- Bangladeshi Sunni Muslims
- Children of presidents of Bangladesh
- Children of prime ministers of Bangladesh
- Eden Mohila College alumni
- Female defence ministers
- Female interior ministers
- Heads of government who were later imprisoned
- Honorary Fellows of Bangla Academy
- Leaders of the Opposition (Bangladesh)
- Presidents of the Awami League
- Prime ministers of Bangladesh
- Tungipara Sheikh family
- Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad
- Women opposition leaders
- 21st-century women prime ministers
- University of Dhaka alumni
- Left-wing populists
- 20th-century women prime ministers
- 12th Jatiya Sangsad members
- Bangladeshi exiles
- Bangladeshi expatriates in India
- Authoritarianism
- Women in politics
- Totalitarianism